As holidaymakers resume their familiar summer breaks and crowds return to the Champs-Elysées to cheer on the final stage of the 2022 Tour de France, elsewhere established customs and trends seem less secure.

The fragmentation of votes into irreconcilable political blocs with no absolute majority creates a political situation unprecedented under the Fifth Republic.

The incumbent president’s re-election avoids an unpredictable political phase for France.

Understanding the outcome, policy and investment implications of the second-round of French presidential elections.

The French 2022 election cycle is starting in the context of the war in Ukraine which favours to the incumbent president.

The invasion of Ukraine by Russian troops has caught Europe off guard, reminding it of the darkest hours before the Second World War.

The concept of strategic sovereignty goes far beyond the issues of security and defence. It also assumes relative self-sufficiency, and the ability to impose one’ standards and to create global leaders in tomorrow’s ecosystems.

Real interest rates in the US and Europe have reached negative levels that are unprecedented in recent history.

Our Global Views team attempts to answer some of the questions often asked by our clients.